ID 3311 Final: Red to Black PFP Materials

Floor Plan

Solution StatementWhen creating a solution for this space, it was very important to keep the function of the space in mind. The fact that the space is a personal financial planning facility for many students on a college campus means that the space needs to have a materials selection that will reflect the durability needed to withstand the high traffic flow that comes through the facility.

Finish Schedule

MATERIAL	PRODUCT	COLOR	UNIT PRICE	TOTAL PRICE
WOOD	ARMSTRONG #EPH6408	FESTIVAL NOIR	$3.33 PER SQ. FT.	$2,877.12
QUARTZ	SILESTONE	ANTIQUE GOLD	$39.99 PER SQ. FT.	$6,786.30
PAINT	SHERWIN WILLIAMS	TERRA BRUN	$28 PER CAN	$224.00
UPHOLSTERY	ONLINE FABRIC STORE	LIPSTICK RED	$56.70 PER YD.	$6,010.20
RUGS	POTTERY BARN ITEM: 7792328	ESPRESSO	$499	$998.00
TOTAL PRICE				$16,895.62

Hardwood Flooring

Company: Armstrong

Product Number: EPH6408

Collection: Century Estate Plank

Performance Class: Best

Construction: Engineered

Finish System: HartGuard Deluxe

Color: Festival Noir

Design: Hand-scraped

Gloss level: Medium Gloss

Edge Type: Pillowed Edge

Warranty: 25 years

Use in Space: Floors

Space: Reception, Conference, Offices

Sustainability

Made of solid Walnut.

Measurement

Width: 6”

Length: Varying Lengths: 12 – 72”

Thickness: 5/8”

Installation/ Cleaning

The installation location is below/on/above ground level. The installation method is with glue.

Clean up for wood floors consists of a dry mop or vacuum, followed by a Hardwood/Laminate Cleaner that is made specifically for the purpose of cleaning wood floors. Do not use a wet mop or a cleaner that requires water because this could damage the wood.

Quartz

Company: Silestone

Color: Antique Gold

Edge: Radius Edge

Thickness: 2”

Finish: Polished Surface

Use in the space: Countertops, tabletops

Spaces: Reception, Conference, Offices

Sustainability

Quartz is a sustainable material that has a long life. It is considered a green material that has low VOCs and requires little or no sealants. Also, quartz is a natural stone, therefore is recyclable.

Installation and Maintenance

Installation for this product consists of measuring the area, cutting the stone, and adhering the stone to the base with construction adhesive.

To clean this product, it is recommended that you use mild house cleaner, such as 409, Fantastik, Lysol, or Windex. If there are stubborn spills or stains, soak the area for up to 10 minutes in one of the cleaners above. Use non-scratch pad only and do not use harsh chemicals. The surface resists scratching, staining and scorching better than other stone or solid surfaces but you still need to avoid excessive pressure or force because it is possible to chip the surface.

Paint

Company: Sherwin Williams

Color: SW6048 Terra Brun

Color Collection: SW Color

Color Family: Warm Neutrals

Color Strip: 7

RGB value: R-90/G-57/ B-43

Hexadecimal Value: # 5A392B

LRV: 5

Antimicrobial formula resists mildew growth.

Use in the Space:  Ceiling and walls

Spaces used: Reception, Conference, Offices

Sustainability

Paint is sustainable because the cost is low and it can be repainted multiple times. Also, has low VOCs.

Installation and Maintenance

When painting the walls, remove all draperies, pictures, mirrors, area rugs, and hardware from the room. Move all the furniture out of the room or to the center of the space. Tape off woodwork and tape down plastic drop cloths. Open window or door for ventilation. Clean the surface as needed. Use rollers and brushes to apply paint.

When cleaning painted walls, use a non-abrasive cleaner. Mild, soapy water will generally suffice. However, always test the cleaning solution in an inconspicuous are to ensure that it does not damage the paint film. Walls may need occasional touch ups.

Upholstery

Material: 88% Recycled Polyester, 12% Polyurethane

Width: 56”

Weight: 13.2 ounces per linear yd.

Thickness: 0.84 mm

Use in Space: Upholstery of seating

Spaces Used: Reception, Conference, Offices

Sustainability

 Durability: Wyzenbeek Test (ASTM-D-4157): Exceeds 100,000 double rubs

     Martindale Test (D-4966): 70,000 cycles

Colorfastness: Color “rub off” (AATCC-8 Crocking) Exceeds Industry Standards

                            To Light (AATCC-16E) Exceeds Industry Standards

Fire Test Compliance: UFAC Cigarette Smoldering Test (NFPA-260) Complies with Industry Standards

                                        California TB-117 Sec. E Open Flame Test Complies with Industry Standards

The maximum continuous length for this product is 33 yards, ordering more than 33 yards will come in more than one piece.

Maintenance: To clean, use a cloth soaked in a mild soap or detergent, and gently rub the stain until it is no longer apparent. Rub again with a cloth soaked in plain water.

Rugs

Item: 7792328

Handcrafted of pure, yarn-dyed wool by artisan rug makers.

Sheared pile is velvety to the touch.

Imported.

8’ X 10’

Cotton-canvas/ synthetic latex backed.

Self-binding results in a rug that resists curling and maintains its quality over time.

Use in Space: Rugs in offices

Spaces used: Offices

Maintenance

Shedding of loose fibers is normal and will diminish with regular vacuuming. To prevent dust and crumbs from settling into your rug, vacuum regularly and /or shake. Do not pull loose ends. Clip them with scissors to remove. Keep away from excessive moisture. Blot spills immediately with a white cloth. Professional rug cleaning recommended as needed. Harsh chemicals may damage or fade rug. Use rug protectors under heavy furniture.

Calculations

24’ X 36’ = 864 sq. ft. of flooring

864 sq. ft. X $3.33= $2877.12 for hardwood floors

169.7 sq. ft. X $39.99 = $6786.30 for quartz countertops

27yds for task chairs+ 11yds for barstool cushions+ 36yds for sectional sofas+ 32yds for banquette seating = 106yds

106yds X $56.70 per yd =$6010.20

2.6 gallons of paint for offices + 2.5 gallons for conference room + 2.9 gallons for reception area = 8 gallons of paint

8 gallons X $28 per can = $224 for painting walls and ceilings

Blog Post 12: What I Learned

            This year I have learned so much from my experiences in my Interior Materials class. This class is not like many other classes because I did not just sit through lectures every day and take tests. Instead, I was able to experience many different materials for myself through having the opportunity to take field trips to places around Lubbock.

             On one of the field trips that I took with my class, we went to the Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute. While at the research institute, we got to see how fabrics are made, starting from the very beginning, right after the cotton has been harvested. I learned that cotton must go through many different machines before it can be spun into fabric and that each machine has a different purpose. Some machines clean the cotton, some spin it, some make it into long strands, and some even dye it. I personally have never seen big machines like the ones at the research institute. This field trip was probably the most educational for me.

            Another trip that my class took was to All About Looks. This business is one that is located in the Depot District of Lubbock and focuses on the parts of an interior that have to do with aesthetics. They deals with drapes, bedding, upholstery, window shades, wallpaper, etc. They had many options for material use that I had never thought of. One thing that I thought was very innovative was a pillow that had been upholstered in cork. It gave the pillow an interesting look and an environmentally friendly quality. I had no idea that cork could even be used in such a way. Another thing I got to see was how vast the options are for fabric. They had so much variety in the colors, patterns, and types of fabric. In class, we learned that floral patterns are the most popular. I think that this fact really rang true when seeing the selection at All About Looks.

            A field trip that the class went on more recently was to tour a couple homes built by a local architect, Jeff Seal. Jeff Seal has been building homes in Lubbock for many years and has build up an upscale clientele. His projects include multimillion dollar homes. From this trip, I learned that when designing for a client, one must do their best to make the client happy and to fulfill their dreams of what they want in a home. Jeff Seal’s architecture is a sight to see and shows attention to detail is important to every project.

            My interior material class has had opportunities to see and experience things in this class that many do not get to experience. We have gotten to go many places and see many different things. I focused this paper mainly on things I got to learn and experience on field trips but there were also many things I learned in class and on projects, such as the durability of different products and LEED requirements. This class was an incredible experience and I hope to have many more amazing experiences in the interior design program here at Texas Tech.      

  

Parkhill Smith & Cooper

            With all the issues in America, such as clean air and clean water, many parts of the U.S. are “going green. Even interior design is becoming more and more environmentally friendly. One organization that focuses on this environmentally friendly factor in design is LEED. LEED stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. LEED is based on a points system where for most environmentally friendly or sustainable components in a design, that building can earn points. After having so many points, a building can apply for its certification.

            For one of our fieldtrips, we visited the first LEED certified building in West Texas. It is called Parkhill, Smith, & Cooper Inc, or PSC for short. Basically, PSC is a firm that deals with all the aspects of a commercial design project. Their team consists of interior designers, architects, engineers, and landscape designers. One of the reasons were visiting was so that we could see and experience their LEED certified building.

            For the most part, the LEED certified building looks like your typical building. The inside, however, is just a little bit different. Some examples of the different components are seen in the flooring, conference rooms, parking spaces, air vents, and roof. The flooring is carpet but recyclable carpet tiles are used. The conference rooms have finishes that have small amounts of off-gassing and also can serve dual purposes, such as the wall that is actually a dry erase board. The parking spaces are basically grass that has two concrete strips to park your vehicle on. This cuts down on the use of pavement and encourages grass to grow. The air vents that are seen hanging from the ceiling are bags that collapse when the system is not in use. Another cool feature is the roof. A section of it is soil with plants growing in it. The soil works as a good insulator and once again, encourages plant growth.

            These features are just a few of the different uses of material that make this building LEED certified. There is not a huge difference in the appearance of the building which would lead one to question why more buildings have not gone down this “green” route. Environmental design is becoming more prominent around the U.S. and will continue to grow in the near future. It is a great way to make good use of the resources we currently have.

Jeff Seal Homes of Distinction

            Many cities have a section of town where there are, seemingly, nicer homes. They are usually large, grand, and cost more than the average middle-class homeowner can afford. Regardless of who can afford what or where the homes are located, it cannot be denied is that these homes are gorgeous. Lubbock has homes that fit this bill and many of them are designed and built by an architect named Jeff Seal.

            On one of our many field trips in my Interior Materials class, we had the opportunity of touring a couple of Jeff Seal’s homes that he is in the process of building. One was located on 103^rd Street. This house was going to be around a million dollars and its price shows in the details. Upon walking into this house, it is clear to see why Jeff Seal is well known in Lubbock.  This first house was done in a French style throughout. There were groin vaulted ceilings, custom cabinetry, custom built-in units, and unique fireplaces, among other things of course. Everything about the house complemented each other, including the outside which showcased the casement windows and a bell tower on the roof. This house made jaw drop, but could not even begin to prepare me for what we were going to see next.

            The second house we were able to see was a few streets over from the first and was still in the framing stage. This house was going to be over 5 million dollars. When we drove up, it was plain to see why. It was absolutely enormous. This house was two stories and included 4 bedrooms, a prayer room, piano room, and even 3 laundry rooms. That is pretty impressive but what impressed me the most was the ceilings in this house. There were a few domed ceilings that are just massive. They will be amazing when they are finished and details are added to them.

            Jeff Seal’s homes are truly unique and add character to Lubbock as a whole. They show precision and attention to detail that cannot be found in just anyone’s architecture. His architecture and design are things that we as interior designers can learn a tremendous amount from. Having the chance to walk through these houses and take in their beauty was an awesome opportunity and serves as an inspiration for us to aspire to do great things in the world of design.

Blog Post 9: Leftwich Chapman

            Upon walking into a space, what is usually one of the first things a person notices? For me, it is what is on the floor. Flooring is something that can make or break a space because it is used in every space, which means there is a lot of it. There are so many different options to choose from in flooring. A good place to start the search in Lubbock, TX is at Leftwich Chapman.

             Leftwich Chapman has many different options when it comes to flooring. If wood flooring is needed, they carry many different types, colors, and grains of wood. They have standard woods such as oak or cherry as well as exotic woods like bamboo. If a person is looking for something more green and recyclable, they also offer leather and cork floors. Both are pretty durable, have a unique look, and can be a great option is certain spaces.

            Another thing that Leftwich Chapman has a large selection of is carpet. Their selection includes very lush, soft carpet, as well as carpet that has been made from corn husk. Amazing right? Many people get a solid color carpet in their homes. However, for those a little more adventurous, Leftwich Chapman carries a variety of patterned and textured carpets. Basically, there is something for any taste out there.

            What about kitchens and baths? Of course, Leftwich Chapman has tile too. This part of their selection is probably my favorite. It is my favorite because they have so many colors and styles available that the possibilities are endless! They have so many shapes when it comes to backsplash tiles. They have square ones and round ones, and even rectangular strips. Some are stone, others porcelain or glass. Anyone who likes tile would absolutely love Leftwich Chapman.

            Leftwich Chapman has so many different options when it comes to choosing flooring for a residential project. From wood to carpet to tile, they have something for just about any room a person can think of. It is a great place for interior designers to take their clients, as I would hope to someday also!

Blog Post 8: Tile & Stone

Tile and stone are materials that are used all the time in Interior Design. The most popular places to use these materials are in bathrooms and kitchens. There are many uses for such materials; therefore, there are many places that these materials can be found.

            As stated, there are many uses for tile and stone. One very common place to use tile is the floor. Tile floors are very popular in both commercial and residential design. A reason for this could be because of the durability against wear and messes. Another place tile can be found is on counters and backsplashes. Though it is thought to not be as durable as some types of stone, tile can create many colorful options and be laid in a way that makes it more like art than just a usable surface. Stone, on the other hand, is also durable and like an art form. The differences are that the art is not controllable because it is naturally beautiful due to the way the rock is formed below the surface. Stone is thought to be more durable than tile because it doesn’t break easily and is very heat resistant.

            A great place to find materials such as these in Lubbock, TX is a place called Collins Tile and Stone. It is located on the Clovis highway outside of Lubbock. Yes, they have tile because that is how the owner got started in the business. However, what I found was the most exciting was their large selection of stone, particularly granite. They have so many colors to choose from at varying prices. Some of the granite had so much character due to the amount of motion in the rock. Some granite has more motion than others but according to the owner, the granites that have more motion seem to be higher priced.

            Tile and stone are incredibly important materials to the design world today. They are truly beautiful materials. Collins Tile and Stone was very helpful in illustrating the choices that are to be had and the different options for uses. The only question left to answer is, “What color should I choose?”

Elements and Principles Design

 

Design is everywhere we look in our world today. The elements and principles of design are basically the things that make up good design. The elements of design are line, space, shape, form, texture, pattern, color, and light. The principles of design are balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion, scale, unity, variety, and harmony. A well-designed space does not necessarily have to have all the elements and principle of design but it will include some of them. An example of a space that has some of these aspects of design is located in the picture above.

            The elements of design are fairly easy to pick out in this picture. The main element that I saw first in this picture was line. Line is seen everywhere in this room. Lines are created on the ceiling with the exposed ventilations tubes. Line is also seen on the back wall, the chairs, and the wood flooring. Another element is shape. An example of shape in this space is the squares that make up the chairs. Together, the squares combine and make box-like forms. Color and light are very important to this room because they set the tone for the room. The colors are dark, warm neutrals with pops of green with the plants and the lighting is a combination of natural light coming through the large window and warm artificial light achieved by the use of the lamps on the side table and the fixtures on the ceiling. There are many elements of design seen in this room but one cannot forget about the basic principles of design.

            There are a few principles of design that are very important to this space. The first to identify would be the emphasis in the space. The emphasis is the large picture/paining on the wall. Your eye immediately goes to the picture because of its size and color. The picture really gives an interesting touch to the room since it is mainly done in neutrals. The other principle that immediately sticks out is the symmetrical balance in the space. This is seen first in the seating arrangement, which is exactly the same on both sides. Also, the balance is seen in the plants that are directly across from each other in the space. If one were to cut the space in half right through the window, both halves would be nearly the same.

             This picture was a good example to choose to write about the principles and elements of design because it incorporates so many of them. These elements and principles of design can be found in spaces everywhere, not just this picture. They are the foundation of which good interior design is based.

Unusual Materials

Unusual Materials

Hotels are an important of today’s society. Much of the time, when people travel, they cannot make the entire trip in one day. In this case, a person would have to stay in a hotel. Hotels have a lot of traffic coming through them every day and with that kind of traffic, the building must be large and able to withstand a lot of different situations. Hotels do not have to be ugly though. They can be made very interesting.

An interesting hotel is the Urbn Hotel. It is different because it uses common materials in unusual ways. The Urbn hotel is located in Shanghai, China. This hotel in China is also a unique hotel in that 100% of its materials are recycled. Ever since this hotel was opened in 2007, it has been a wonderful example of solar design and energy efficient design. Having an entire hotel that is so eco-friendly, is definitely not something that you see all the time.

 When it is said that the entire hotel is eco-friendly, it is not an understatement. One of the best uses of a recycled material in the hotel is located at the front desk. Behind the front desk is a very unique wall covering, suitcases. Yes, you read it correctly, suitcases. Whoever designed this wall has taken sides and tops of old suitcases and arranged them on the wall to create an interesting wall covering. It is very smart because a suitcase is something that almost everyone brings into a hotel. It looks very unique and is very clever to associate suitcases with a wall covering. The original handles and belts are still intact on the suitcases, creating a wall that is so enticing that a person could just grab onto it.  

Suitcases made into a wall covering are a very unusual use of material but it is one that is unlike anything that you would be expecting when you walk into a hotel. Unusual materials really make the Urbn Hotel stand out from other hotels. This hotel makes the point that a hotel can be upscale, modern, and classy as well as being eco-friendly.

Works Cited

Bridgette Meinhold (12/08/10). Inhabit. Retrieved from http://inhabit.com/old-suitcaes-used-to-decorate-shanghai-urbn-hotel/

Design Day: Daltile

Design Day

 

            On one particular day of the year, every October, there is an excitement in the air for all the design students on the Texas Tech University campus. It is the day that Design Expo takes place. The reason for the excitement is that on this particular day, many vendors from all around come to show the latest and greatest things from their company. One of the materials that was very pleasing to see was the tile at the Daltile table.

            Daltile is a large tile company that has quite a bit to offer when it comes to choosing the right tile. Whether it is commercial or residential, chances are, they will have something for just about any tile job a person has. One of the things that was on display that sparked my interest was the different colors and textures they have to offer.

            Another reason for the added interest in the Daltile booth was the fact that I was working on a project for another class that included the Daltile showroom in Dallas, Texas. Part of the project was that all the horizontal surfaces must be tile. Plus, it is a tile showroom, therefore, the space should inspire a person to want to use tile for their own projects. It was very interesting and helpful to get to see some of the newer products they have to offer that could potentially be added to my project.

            The most memorable type of tile that they had at their booth was a tile that was in long wavy strips. The wave-like shape of the tile, staggered in placement, caused the tile to look textured in way that is unique to other tiles like it. Most likely, this tile was meant to be used on backsplashes and walls. The tile, also, was not all one type of material. It was a mixture of glass and porcelain tile. Together, the two make a very attractive combination.

            Tile is one of the most prevalent materials in interior design. It can be the most practical or the most decorative part of a space. Daltile would definitely be a good vendor for tile in future projects and was a particularly good place to stop on the journey through the many different vendors that came to Texas Tech University for Design Day.  



Blog Post #4: Applications

Blog Post #4: Draft 1

On the Texas Tech campus, there are many different applications of fabrics and various materials in many different places. One place where many different types of materials can be seen is in the Student Union Building. At the Student Union Building, one of the most popular things to see as far as Interior Design is concerned, is all the seating.

                The chairs that are between the ballroom and the Allen theatre are probably one of the worst uses of materials seen in the sub. If one was to go to the Student Union Building to see them right now, they would see some chairs that once looked new and modern but now appear to be in bad shape. The truth, however, is that the chair itself is not in that bad of shape, it is the materials that were selected to be used on it.

                One chair in particular that I picked out was in fairly bad shape. It had been upholstered in some sort of faux leather material and now had holes and scuffs in multiple places. The material is obviously was not sturdy enough to be used on this chair. One reason is because these particular chairs get used constantly day in and day out. A person could rarely walk in and see no one in this area of the Student Union Building. This type on simulated leather is just no match for the amounts of traffic going in and out every day.

                When seen, it is obvious that this chair was intended to be upholstered. A suggestion for solving the problem of high traffic might be to just get a different type of chair for this area, preferably one that is easy to clean and has very little fabric that can be easily ripped, torn, or stained. Comfort may be sacrificed a bit upon getting a different type of chair but the durability would be significantly better.

                Bad uses of materials can cause many downfalls in the minds of many. A bad use of material, such as the material that the chairs in the Student Union Building are upholstered, can harm the entire space, causing it to feel older than it really is. This example can really be a motivator when it comes to selecting the right materials.

All About Looks

All About Looks

Have you ever needed new blinds, drapes, and bedding, or even just needed old chair upholstered but couldn’t find a place to go? Well, your search is over because there is a great local place right here in Lubbock to meet all your needs. It is a little shop on Buddy Holly called “All About Looks.”

            A recent field trip to “All About Looks” revealed a lot of different options to choose from when designing a space. One of the first things I noticed upon walking in to the store was tons and tons of fabric. They have anything from vinyl leather to silk to environmentally friendly fabric. An interesting thing that they had was a material that was cork that has been made into a fabric-like material. In the store they had a pillow that was covered in this cork material. It felt similar to leather but had an interesting look to it. But why would anyone want a pillow made of cork? Cork is a material that is becoming popular because of how available it is and mainly because it is environmentally friendly. I personally thought that this was one of the most innovative uses of cork that I’ve ever seen.

            “All About Looks” definitely had a lot of fabrics but it was not the only thing that they had to offer. They also can create custom drapes, bedding, and just about anything else that can be sewn or used to decorate in your home. They had a wide variety of curtain rods and finials to choose from, whether it be big, small, traditional, or modern. In addition, they also had tassels, buttons, and decorative nail heads. On the field trip, they mentioned that they prefer to use the products they have because they know how they hang and how they will look but they will do just about anything. Using the products that they have available is no disadvantage when see how much they have to offer.

            The last thing that we got to hear about and witness at this business was in the back of the store. They upholster and re-upholster furniture in the back. You can take them almost any piece of furniture and they will fix it the way you want. You can bring in the fabric or even choose something from their selection. An example of a small piece of their upholstery work was a chair cushion that someone had brought in to be fixed because their new puppy had chewed it up. When we saw it, you could not even tell that anything had ever happened to it. It was a pretty impressive upholstery job.

            The field trip to “All About Looks” was a very interesting  and informative experience. They have a lot of different things to offer when it comes to improving aesthetics in interiors. I would definitely go to “All About Looks” for future interior design projects.   

Blog Post 2: Field Trip: Put It to the Test

Put It to the Test

Fabric rips. It tears. It scuffs. It gets dirty. Think about all the things that clothes, materials, and fabrics go through on a day to day basis. But how do we know that the materials we are exposed to all the time will hold up? After fabrics are made, they go through a series of many tests to determine how each type of material will act in certain situations such as abrasion, tearing, and shrinking.

            Instances where fabric is exposed to abrasion happen all the time, especially when the fabric is upholstered to chairs that get sat, stood, and spilled on. There is, in fact a test to determine how well a fabric will hold up in these instances. The fabric is put through something called the Martindale Abrasion Tester. This machine will test how well the fabric holds up by rubbing the fabric, using pressure that is caused by either a 21 or 28 oz/in weight. When the machine is done, the fabric can be evaluated by a change in appearance, breakage in yarns, or loss of mass. When a material can withstand the pressure without any of these things being a big issue, a customer is more likely to use the fabric in an area that endures a lot of use.

            Abrasion can be just one of your worries when it comes to holding up through daily activities. Things can get caught on the fabric and cause the material to rip, snag, or tear. The tearing strength is also tested before those luscious materials can be used as drapery, sewn into pillows, and upholstered to your favorite chair. This type of testing is called the Tearing Strength Elmendorf Method. This machine tests the average tearing force of a piece of fabric from the energy of a falling pendulum. The fabric must rip all the way through in order to count. If the fabric does not rip or slips, the test must be re-done with heavier weight. Accurate testing will show how a fabric can act in a situation where it is exposed to a sudden heavy load.  

            Ok, so the abrasion and tearing has passed the test but one question that might be common is, “what about the fact that some of my fabrics shrink and some do not?” There is a test for this also. It is referred to as Dimensional Changes of Fabrics Accelerated (Quickwash). True to its name, this test stimulates a washer and dryer like many have at home to determine how much a piece of fabric will shrink. There are marks that get put on the fabric before the wash and dry. After the cycles have finished, the marks are measured by computers to see how much they moved. This test is very important and relatable for people who have ever had materials shrink because shrinking is not something that can be reversed.

            These tests answer the common questions asked about the durability of fabrics. It is important for fabric to be long-lasting and sturdy. So next time you sit on that comfy sofa or admire your attractive pillows, remember all the tests the material had to pass to be a part of your home.